A1 Polish GrammarBasic Word Order
Learn Polish sentence structure. While the basic order is SVO (Subject-Verb-Object), Polish word order is very flexible due to its case system. Word order is used for emphasis and information structure rather than grammar.
1Basic SVO Structure
The neutral word order in Polish is Subject-Verb-Object (SVO), similar to English. However, because Polish uses cases, word order can change without changing the basic meaning - only the emphasis changes.
Basic SVO Pattern
| Subject | Verb | Object | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jan | czyta | książkę | Jan reads a book |
| Mama | gotuje | obiad | Mom cooks dinner |
| Kot | pije | mleko | The cat drinks milk |
| Dzieci | oglÄ…dajÄ… | telewizjÄ™ | Children watch TV |
Examples
Anna czyta gazetÄ™.
Anna reads a newspaper.
standard SVO order
Piotr lubi kawÄ™.
Piotr likes coffee.
S + V + O
Dzieci jedzą jabłka.
The children eat apples.
neutral word order
Tata naprawia samochód.
Dad repairs the car.
basic SVO structure
2Flexible Word Order
Polish cases allow free word order - the endings show who does what. OSV, OVS, and other orders are grammatically correct and used for emphasis. The element you want to stress usually goes at the end.
Same Meaning, Different Emphasis
| Order | Polish | Emphasis |
|---|---|---|
| SVO | Jan widzi MariÄ™. | neutral statement |
| OVS | MariÄ™ widzi Jan. | Maria (not someone else) |
| OSV | MariÄ™ Jan widzi. | Maria (emphatic) |
| VSO | Widzi Jan MariÄ™. | poetic/unusual |
Examples
Książkę czyta Anna.
Anna is reading THE BOOK.
OVS: emphasis on book
To ja zrobiłem!
I did it! (It was ME)
pronoun for emphasis
MariÄ™ kocham.
I love MARIA.
object first for emphasis
KawÄ™ pijÄ™ rano.
I drink COFFEE in the morning.
object fronted
3Questions
Yes/no questions add 'czy' at the beginning or use rising intonation. Word order usually stays the same. Wh-questions start with the question word (kto, co, gdzie, kiedy, jak, dlaczego).
Question Formation
| Type | Structure | Example |
|---|---|---|
| yes/no | Czy + statement? | Czy masz czas? |
| yes/no | statement + ? | Masz czas? |
| who | Kto + verb? | Kto to zrobił? |
| what | Co + verb? | Co robisz? |
Examples
Czy mówisz po polsku?
Do you speak Polish?
czy for yes/no question
Gdzie mieszkasz?
Where do you live?
gdzie = where
Kiedy przyjdziesz?
When will you come?
kiedy = when
Dlaczego jesteÅ› smutny?
Why are you sad?
dlaczego = why
4Adverb and Adjective Position
Adjectives typically come before the noun in Polish. Adverbs usually come before the verb or at the end of the sentence. Time expressions often come at the beginning or end.
Position Patterns
| Element | Position | Example |
|---|---|---|
| adjective | before noun | duży dom (big house) |
| adverb | before verb | szybko biegam (I run fast) |
| time | start or end | Jutro pracujÄ™. |
| negation | before verb | Nie wiem. (I don't know) |
Examples
Mam nowy telefon.
I have a new phone.
adjective before noun
Ona dobrze gotuje.
She cooks well.
adverb before verb
Wczoraj byłem w kinie.
Yesterday I was at the cinema.
time at beginning
Nie rozumiem.
I don't understand.
nie before verb