LingoStoriesLingoStories
🇳🇱B1

B1 Dutch GrammarDouble Infinitive Construction

Learn the Dutch double infinitive (IPP - Infinitivus Pro Participio) construction used with modal verbs in perfect tenses. Master this advanced structure where the past participle is replaced by an infinitive.

1What is the Double Infinitive?

In Dutch, when modal verbs (kunnen, willen, moeten, mogen, zullen) are used in perfect tenses, they don't use a past participle. Instead, they use the infinitive form, creating a 'double infinitive' at the end of the clause. This is called IPP (Infinitivus Pro Participio).

Double Infinitive vs Regular Perfect

Verb TypePresent PerfectStructure
Regular verbIk heb gewerkthebben + past participle
Modal verbIk heb kunnen werkenhebben + infinitive + infinitive
Regular verbZij heeft gegetenhebben + past participle
Modal verbZij heeft willen etenhebben + infinitive + infinitive

Examples

Ik heb niet kunnen komen.

I haven't been able to come.

'kunnen' not 'gekund' in perfect

Hij heeft het moeten doen.

He has had to do it.

'moeten' not 'gemoeten' in perfect

Wij hebben willen helpen.

We have wanted to help.

double infinitive: willen + helpen

Ze heeft het mogen zien.

She has been allowed to see it.

'mogen' stays infinitive in perfect

2Word Order in Main Clauses

In main clauses, the auxiliary 'hebben' comes in second position as usual. The two infinitives go to the end, with the modal infinitive coming last. Any objects or other elements come before the infinitive cluster.

Main Clause Word Order

Position 1Verb 2MiddleEnd (double inf.)
Ikhebhem nietkunnen helpen
Hijheeftde briefmoeten schrijven
Wehebbenlangmoeten wachten
Zijheefthetwillen proberen

Examples

Ik heb de film niet kunnen zien.

I haven't been able to see the movie.

object before double infinitive

Hij heeft het probleem niet kunnen oplossen.

He hasn't been able to solve the problem.

separable verb stays together in infinitive

We hebben gisteren niet kunnen komen.

We couldn't come yesterday.

time adverb before infinitives

Ze hebben de hele dag moeten werken.

They've had to work all day.

duration before infinitives

3Word Order in Subordinate Clauses

In subordinate clauses, the word order changes significantly. The auxiliary 'hebben' moves to the end BUT comes BEFORE the double infinitive, not after. This is the opposite of regular perfect tense subordinate clauses.

Subordinate Clause Word Order

ConjunctionSubject...Aux + Double Inf.
...datikhet nietheb kunnen doen
...omdathijnietheeft willen komen
...toenzijhethad moeten zeggen
...hoewelwehardhebben moeten werken

Examples

Ik weet dat hij niet heeft kunnen komen.

I know that he hasn't been able to come.

'heeft' before 'kunnen komen'

Ze zei dat ze het had willen vertellen.

She said that she had wanted to tell it.

past perfect: 'had' + double infinitive

Omdat ik niet heb kunnen slapen...

Because I haven't been able to sleep...

'heb' precedes infinitives in sub clause

Hij vroeg of ik had moeten werken.

He asked if I had had to work.

indirect question with double infinitive

4Other Verbs with Double Infinitive

Besides modal verbs, some other verbs also use the double infinitive construction. These include zien (see), horen (hear), laten (let/have done), and voelen (feel). These are perception and causative verbs.

Non-Modal Double Infinitive Verbs

VerbEnglishExample
zienseeIk heb hem zien lopen
horenhearIk heb haar horen zingen
latenlet/haveIk heb het laten repareren
voelenfeelIk heb het voelen aankomen

Examples

Ik heb de kinderen zien spelen.

I have seen the children play.

'zien' not 'gezien' with infinitive

Hij heeft de vogels horen zingen.

He has heard the birds sing.

'horen' + infinitive = double infinitive

We hebben de auto laten repareren.

We have had the car repaired.

'laten' = have something done

Zij heeft hem helpen verhuizen.

She has helped him move.

'helpen' also takes double infinitive