B1 Spanish GrammarSubjunctive Mood (Subjuntivo)
Master the Spanish subjunctive for expressing wishes, doubts, emotions, and hypothetical situations. Learn present subjunctive formation, common trigger expressions, and how to use it in subordinate clauses.
1Present Subjunctive Formation
Form the present subjunctive by taking the yo form, dropping -o, and adding opposite endings: -AR verbs take -e endings, -ER/-IR verbs take -a endings. Irregulars include sea (ser), haya (haber), vaya (ir), and dé (dar).
Present Subjunctive Endings
| Person | -AR (hablar) | -ER (comer) | -IR (vivir) |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | hable | coma | viva |
| tú | hables | comas | vivas |
| él/ella | hable | coma | viva |
| nosotros | hablemos | comamos | vivamos |
Examples
Espero que hables español.
I hope that you speak Spanish.
esperar triggers subjunctive
Quiero que vengas a la fiesta.
I want you to come to the party.
querer + que + subjunctive
Es importante que estudies.
It's important that you study.
impersonal expression
Dudo que sea verdad.
I doubt that it's true.
doubt triggers subjunctive
2Subjunctive Triggers: Wishes and Desires
Use subjunctive after expressions of wanting, wishing, and desire when there are two different subjects. Key verbs: querer (want), desear (wish), esperar (hope), preferir (prefer). The main clause subject differs from the subordinate clause subject.
Wish and Desire Verbs
| Verb | Example | English |
|---|---|---|
| querer | Quiero que llegues | I want you to arrive |
| desear | Deseo que tengas suerte | I wish you luck |
| esperar | Espero que mejores | I hope you get better |
| preferir | Prefiero que vayas | I prefer that you go |
Examples
Mis padres quieren que estudie medicina.
My parents want me to study medicine.
different subjects
Esperamos que el tiempo sea bueno.
We hope the weather is good.
hope + subjunctive
Desean que seamos felices.
They wish us to be happy.
wish + subjunctive
Prefiero que no digas nada.
I prefer that you don't say anything.
prefer + subjunctive
3Subjunctive with Emotions and Doubt
Emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, surprise) and doubt require subjunctive in the subordinate clause. Key expressions: me alegra que (I'm glad that), temo que (I fear that), no creo que (I don't think that), dudo que (I doubt that).
Emotion and Doubt Expressions
| Type | Expression | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Joy | me alegra que | me alegra que estés aquà |
| Sadness | es triste que | es triste que se vaya |
| Fear | temo que | temo que llueva |
| Doubt | dudo que | dudo que venga |
Examples
Me alegra que hayas venido.
I'm glad you have come.
emotion + subjunctive
Es una pena que no puedas venir.
It's a shame you can't come.
regret + subjunctive
No creo que sea difÃcil.
I don't think it's difficult.
negated belief
Tengo miedo de que me olvides.
I'm afraid you'll forget me.
fear + subjunctive
4Subjunctive in Impersonal Expressions
Impersonal expressions of necessity, importance, and judgment trigger subjunctive: es necesario que (it's necessary that), es importante que (it's important that), es posible que (it's possible that). Note: factual expressions use indicative.
Impersonal Expressions
| Expression | Meaning | Mood |
|---|---|---|
| es necesario que | it's necessary that | subjunctive |
| es importante que | it's important that | subjunctive |
| es posible que | it's possible that | subjunctive |
| es cierto que | it's certain that | indicative |
Examples
Es necesario que llegues a tiempo.
It's necessary that you arrive on time.
necessity + subjunctive
Es importante que practiques cada dÃa.
It's important that you practice every day.
importance + subjunctive
Es posible que llueva mañana.
It's possible it will rain tomorrow.
possibility + subjunctive
Es mejor que no digas nada.
It's better that you don't say anything.
judgment + subjunctive